تحميل كتاب Oxford Guide to English Grammar

لينك مباشر لتحميل Oxford Guide to English Grammar Oxford Guide to English Grammar Oxford University Press Walton Street, Oxford 0X2 6DP Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto with an associated company in Berlin OXFORD a n d OXFORD ENGLISH are trade marks of Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 431351 4 (paperback) ISBN 0 19 431334 4 (hardback) © Oxford University Press 1994 First published 1994 Seventh impression 2002 No unauthorized photocopying All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Oxford University Press. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Illustrated by Heather Clarke Typeset in Utopia by Tradespools Ltd, Frome, Somerset Printed in Hong Kong Contents Introduction VII Acknowledgements VIII Key to symbols IX Sentence and text 1 English grammar 1 2 The simple sentence 6 3 Statements, questions, imperatives and exclamations 15 4 Questions and answers 25 5 Leaving out and replacing words 42 6 Information and emphasis 52 7 Spoken English and written English 64 Verb forms 8 The verb phrase 75 9 Verb tenses and aspects 82 10 The future 95 11 Be, have and do 104 12 Modal verbs 113 13 The passive 130 Infinitive, gerund and participles 14 The infinitive 144 15 The gerund 159 16 Participles 167 The noun phrase 17 Nouns and noun phrases 175 18 Agreement 191 19 The articles: a/an and the 198 20 Possessives and demonstratives 213 21 Quantifiers 219 22 Pronouns 233 23 Numbers and measurements 245 Adjectives, adverbs and prepositions 24 Adjectives 251 25 Adverbials 260 26 Comparison 278 27 Prepositions 286 28 Phrasal verbs and patterns with prepositions 302 Main clauses and sub clauses 29 Sentences with more than one clause 317 30 And, or, but, so etc 323 31 Adverbial clauses 327 32 Conditional clauses 333 33 Noun clauses 341 34 Direct and indirect speech 346 35 Relative clauses 356 Word forms 36 Word-building 367 37 Word endings: pronunciation and spelling 376 38 Irregular noun plurals 380 39 Irregular verb forms 382 Appendix 40 American English 389 Glossary 397 Index 404 Introduction The Oxford Guide to English Grammar is a systematic account of grammatical forms and the way they are used in standard British English today. The emphasis is on meanings and how they govern the choice of grammatical pattern. The book is thorough in its coverage but pays most attention to points that are of importance to intermediate and advanced learners of English, and to their teachers. It will be found equally suitable for quick reference to details and for the more leisured study of broad grammar topics. A useful feature of the book is the inclusion of example texts and conversations, many of them authentic, to show how grammar is used in connected writing and in speech. Language changes all the time. Even though grammar changes more slowly than vocabulary, it is not a set of unalterable rules. There are sometimes disagreements about what is correct English and what is incorrect. 'Incorrect' grammar is often used in informal speech. Does that make it acceptable? Where there is a difference between common usage and opinions about correctness, I have pointed this out. This information is important for learners. In some situations it may be safer for them to use the form which is traditionally seen as correct. The use of a correct form in an unsuitable context, however, can interfere with understanding just as much as a mistake. To help learners to use language which is appropriate for a given occasion, I have frequently marked usages as formal, informal, literary and so on. How to use this book Any user of a reference book of this kind will rely on a full and efficient index, as is provided in the Oxford Guide (pages 404 to 446). In addition, there is a summary at the beginning of each chapter which gives a bird's eye view, with examples, of the grammar covered in the chapter as a whole and gives references to the individual sections which follow.
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