❞ كتاب Longman Communication 3000 ❝

❞ كتاب Longman Communication 3000 ❝

1
LONGMAN COMMUNICATION 3000
Longman Communication 3000
The
Longman Communication 3000
is a list of
the 3000 most frequent words in both spoken
and written English, based on statistical
analysis of the 390 million words contained
in the Longman Corpus Network – a group of
corpuses or databases of authentic English
language. The
Longman Communication 3000
represents the core of the English language and
shows students of English which words are the
most important for them to learn and study
in order to communicate effectively in both
speech and writing.
Analysis of the Longman Corpus Network
shows that these 3000 most frequent words
in spoken and written English account for
86% of the language. This means that by
knowing this list of words, a learner of English
is in a position to understand 86% or more of
what he or she reads. Of course, “knowing”
a word involves more than simply being able
to recognise it and know a main meaning of
it. Many of the most frequent words have
a range of different meanings, a variety of
different grammatical patterns, and numerous
significant collocations. Nonetheless, a basic
understanding of the
Longman Communication
3000
is a very powerful tool and will help
students develop good comprehension and
communication skills in English.
‘This [frequency] information is gold dust for
the language learner. LDOCE shows in graphic
and immediate form which words are really
worth learning and knowing how to use.’
Jeremy Harmer, ELT author
To ensure that users have access to the
appropriate information, the
Longman
Dictionary of Contemporary English
marks all
the words that are in the
Longman
Communication 3000
in red accompanied by
special symbols:
W
1
,
W
2
, and
W
3
for words that
are in the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most
frequent words in written English, and
S1
,
S2
and
S3
for the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most
frequent words in spoken English. Nowadays,
many learner’s dictionaries include information
about the most frequent words in English, but
Longman dictionaries are the only ones to
highlight the differences between spoken and
written frequency.
These frequency markers added to the
headwords in the dictionary give users access
to a wealth of information that can help the
selection of the appropriate word or phrase in
a variety of situations. Not only are the words
and meanings given descriptive labels, for
example
formal
or
informal
,
AmE
(American
English) or
BrE
(British English),
humorous
,
old-fashioned
, but now they have the added
information about relative frequency in spoken
and written language.
Take for example the verb
book
(in the meaning
of
book a table at a restaurant
). It is marked
as
S2
– one of the top 2000 words of spoken
English. Note that is has no marker for written
English because according to corpus analysis,
it is not part of the top 3000 most frequent
words in written English. However, the entry
also indicates that a synonym for
book
is
reserve
which is in the top 3000 most frequent words
in written English. The conclusion to be drawn
from this is that in speaking (for instance when
phoning a hotel or restaurant),
book
is the most
appropriate verb to use when asking for a room
or table to be kept for you. In writing, however,
it would be more appropriate to use
reserve
. -
من قواعد اللغة الانجليزية(Grammar) كتب تعليم اللغات - مكتبة كتب تعلم اللغات.

نبذة عن الكتاب:
Longman Communication 3000

1
LONGMAN COMMUNICATION 3000
Longman Communication 3000
The
Longman Communication 3000
is a list of
the 3000 most frequent words in both spoken
and written English, based on statistical
analysis of the 390 million words contained
in the Longman Corpus Network – a group of
corpuses or databases of authentic English
language. The
Longman Communication 3000
represents the core of the English language and
shows students of English which words are the
most important for them to learn and study
in order to communicate effectively in both
speech and writing.
Analysis of the Longman Corpus Network
shows that these 3000 most frequent words
in spoken and written English account for
86% of the language. This means that by
knowing this list of words, a learner of English
is in a position to understand 86% or more of
what he or she reads. Of course, “knowing”
a word involves more than simply being able
to recognise it and know a main meaning of
it. Many of the most frequent words have
a range of different meanings, a variety of
different grammatical patterns, and numerous
significant collocations. Nonetheless, a basic
understanding of the
Longman Communication
3000
is a very powerful tool and will help
students develop good comprehension and
communication skills in English.
‘This [frequency] information is gold dust for
the language learner. LDOCE shows in graphic
and immediate form which words are really
worth learning and knowing how to use.’
Jeremy Harmer, ELT author
To ensure that users have access to the
appropriate information, the
Longman
Dictionary of Contemporary English
marks all
the words that are in the
Longman
Communication 3000
in red accompanied by
special symbols:
W
1
,
W
2
, and
W
3
for words that
are in the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most
frequent words in written English, and
S1
,
S2
and
S3
for the top 1000, 2000 and 3000 most
frequent words in spoken English. Nowadays,
many learner’s dictionaries include information
about the most frequent words in English, but
Longman dictionaries are the only ones to
highlight the differences between spoken and
written frequency.
These frequency markers added to the
headwords in the dictionary give users access
to a wealth of information that can help the
selection of the appropriate word or phrase in
a variety of situations. Not only are the words
and meanings given descriptive labels, for
example
formal
or
informal
,
AmE
(American
English) or
BrE
(British English),
humorous
,
old-fashioned
, but now they have the added
information about relative frequency in spoken
and written language.
Take for example the verb
book
(in the meaning
of
book a table at a restaurant
). It is marked
as
S2
– one of the top 2000 words of spoken
English. Note that is has no marker for written
English because according to corpus analysis,
it is not part of the top 3000 most frequent
words in written English. However, the entry
also indicates that a synonym for
book
is
reserve
which is in the top 3000 most frequent words
in written English. The conclusion to be drawn
from this is that in speaking (for instance when
phoning a hotel or restaurant),
book
is the most
appropriate verb to use when asking for a room
or table to be kept for you. In writing, however,
it would be more appropriate to use
reserve
.
.
المزيد..

تعليقات القرّاء:

 


indefinite article, 
determiner 
S1, W1
abandon 

W3
ability 

S2, W1
able 
adj 
S1, W1
about 
prep 
S1, W1
about 
adv 
S1, W1
above 
adv, prep 
S2, W1
above 
adj 
W3
abroad 
adv 
S2, W3
absence 

S3, W2
absolute 
adj 
S2, W3
absolutely 
adv 
S1, W3
absorb 

W3
abuse 

S2, W3
academic 
adj 
W2
accept 

S1, W1
acceptable 
adj 
S3, W3
access 

S2, W1
accident 

S2, W2
accommodation 

S2, W2
accompany 

W2
according to 
prep 
S2, W1
account 

S1, W1
account 

S3, W2
accurate 
adj 
S2, W3
accuse 

W3
achieve 

S2, W1
achievement 

S3, W2
acid 

W3
acknowledge 

S3, W3
acquire 

W2
across 
adv, prep 
S1, W1
act 

S1, W1
act 

S2, W1
action 

S1, W1
active 
adj 
S2, W2
activist 

S3
activity 

S2, W1
actor 

W3
actual 
adj 
S1, W2
actually 
adv 
S1, W1
ad 

S3, W3
adapt 

W3
add 

S1, W1
addition 

S3, W1
additional 
adj 
S3, W2
address 

S2, W2
address 

S2, W2
adequate 
adj 
S3, W3
adjust 

W3
administration 

S2, W2
administrative 
adj 
W3
admire 

S3
admission 

W3
admit 

S2, W1
adopt 

S3, W2
adult 

S2, W2
adult 
adj 
W3
advance 

S2, W2
advance 

W3
advanced 
adj 
W3
advantage 

S2, W1
advert 

S3
advertise 

S3, W3
advertisement 

S3
advertising 

W3
advice 

S2, W2
advise 

S2, W2
adviser 

S3, W3
affair 

S2, W1
affect 

S2, W1
afford 

S1, W3
afraid 
adj 
S1, W2
after 
prep, conj, adv 
S1, W1
afternoon 

S1, W2
afterwards 
adv 
S2, W3
again 
adv 
S1, W1
against 
prep 
S1, W1
age 

S1, W1
aged 
adj 
W3
agency 

S3, W1
agent 

S3, W2
aggressive 
adj 
S3
ago 
adv 
S1, W1
agree 

S1, W1
agreement 

S2, W1
agriculture 

W2
ahead 
adv 
S1, W2
aid 

S2, W2
aim 

S2, W2
aim 

S2, W2
air 

S1, W1
aircraft 

S2, W2
airline 

S2, W3
airport 

S3, W3
alarm 

S2
album 

S3, W3
alcohol 

W3
alive 
adj 
S2, W3
all 
determiner, 
predeterminer, pron 
S1, W1
all 
adv 
S1, W1
allow 

S1, W1
allowance 

S2, W3
all right 
adj, adv, 
interjection 
S1, W2
almost 
adv 
S1, W1
alone 
adj, adv 
S2, W1
along 
adv 
S1, W1
along 
prep 
S1, W1
alongside 
adv, prep 
W3
already 
adv 
S1, W

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