كتاب A Reappraisal of Attitudes to the People of the Book in the Qur an and hadrth with articular Reference to Muslim Fiscal policy and the Covenant of Umar

This thesis is partially a study of the references in the Qur'an to the People of the Book which, for Muslims, represent the theoretical groundwork of relations with them. It also considers the practical aspect of such relations as reflected in the Prophet's relationship with the People of the Book during his life. In this way, it combines both the theory represented by the Qur'an and the practical application of the same by the Prophet. By looking at these two aspects, the study aims to provide a more comprehensive perspective of the characteristics of the Qur'änic attitude towards the People of the Book, and to counter and correct some of the numerous misrepresentations and misunderstandings that have existed throughout history regarding the image of the Qur'än in the minds of Muslims and non-Muslims. Besides, the thesis is concerned with the study of the Muslim attitude towards the People of the Book (ahl al-Kitdb) in general and Jews and Christians in particular. It conducts detailed research based on primary sources illustrating the Qur'an and hadith. This formed the conceptual framework of Muslim treatment of non-Muslims. Part of this thesis will be dedicated to study `Umar Ibn al-Khattäb's treatment of non- Muslims. In order to provide more support for an accurate picture of `Umar's treatment of Jews and Christians, the study further analyses some historical episodes of his treatment of Jews and Christians. The study discusses and analyses the steps taken by Prophet Muhammad and `Umar Ibn al-Khattäb towards both Jews and Christians in early Islam. As `Umar's assurance of safety defines the status of Christians communities under the new Muslims rule and established the foundations of the way Muslims should follow when treating People of the Book in Islam, the study examines and critically analyses the Islamic taxation system introduced by Prophet Muhammad and `Umar. The debatable covenant of `Umar will also be discussed. Finally, the study concludes with a final discussion and summary of the findings, together with some critical remarks and recommendations. Comparison of Religions Comparison of Religions Ahmed Shalabi pdf Comparative book of religions The emergence of science comparing religions when Muslims and when Westerners Comparative Religion Diploma Comparison of Heavenly Religions Comparison of the three divine religions Definition of heavenly religions Search for heavenly religions Respect religions in Islam Is it permissible to respect other religions?
كاتب غير معروف - يشمل يركن (كاتب غير معروف) كل الكتب التي لا يعرف مؤلفيها، حيث أن العمل في شيء بالشكل المجهول هو التدخل بشكل شخصي دون استخدام اسم محدد أو التعريف عن الهوية، وتشير حالة "غير معروف" أو "المجهول" عادة إلى حالة شخص ما بدون معرفة عامة لشخصيته أو لمعلومات تحدد هويته. هناك العديد من الأسباب التي يختار من أجلها شخص ما إخفاء شخصيته أو أن يصبح مجهولا. يكون بعض تلك الأسباب قانونيا أو اجتماعيا، مثل إجراء الأعمال الخيرية أو دفع التبرعات بشكل مجهول، حيث يرغب بعض من المتبرعين بعدم الإشارة إلى تبرعاتهم بأي شكل يرتبط بشخصهم. كما أن من يتعرض أو قد يتعرض للتهديد من قبل طرف ما يميل إلى إخفاء هويته، مثل الشهود في محاكمات الجرائم، أو الاتصال بشكل مجهول بالسلطات للإدلاء بمعلومات تفيد مسار التحقيق في القضايا العالقة. كما أن المجرمين بشكل عام يحاولون إبقاء أنفسهم مجهولي الهوية سواء من أجل منع إشهار حقيقة ارتكابهم للجريمة أو لتجنب القبض عليهم.
من مقارنة الأديان فرق ومذاهب وأفكار وردود - مكتبة المكتبة التجريبية.